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Based on the estimated number of clients attending an ANC unit, the calculated sample was randomly assigned to three public hospitals in the study area. The systematic random sampling technique was used to select each study subject from the ANC unit by using client registration. Then, every seventh person who registered was included until the desired sample size was reached.

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  • Rabies is one of the oldest viral disease caused by the species of rabies virus which belongs to the Mononegavirales order, Rhabdoviridae family and Lyssavirus genus 1.
  • Mekelle city has seven sub cities namely Hawelti, Hadnet, Ayder, Semen, Kedamay weyane, Adihaki, and Quiha.
  • This study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitude, practice and determinant factors of nutrition during pregnancy.
  • Likewise, 241 (32.1%) of the survey respondents had good awareness of issues pertaining to iron and folate tablets.
  • Data were entered and cleaned in EPI-info version 3.5.4 and exported in to SPSS version 20 for analysis.
  • In this study, 230 (60.9%) of participants were knowledgeable, while the remaining 148 (39.1%) were not.

The dependent variables in this study were mothers’ nutrition knowledge, attitude and practice. Age, ethnicity, religion, occupation, marital status, level of education, husband’s education level and monthly income from sociodemographic features and obstetric characteristics including gravidity, parity, ANC visit and pregnancy spacing were treated as independent variables. With a 97.4% response rate, 750 pregnant women in total were interviewed. Six hundred eight pregnant women from rural kebeles made up the majority of the sample (81.1%), while 142 were from urban kebeles (18.9%). Pregnant women’s ages ranged from 18 to 38, and respondents’ mean (± standard deviation) age was 27 (± 4.4).

Download your bills in bulk or for selected accounts; create a billing report to analyse your monthly charges; plus gain, full access to the previous six months of bills for any account. Set screen time limits, block harmful content, and track online activity. Jimma University supported the authors for the transportation of researchers, data collectors, and perdium for data collectors. Pregnant women who were unable to respond to the questions were excluded.

Following that, we express our sincere gratitude to the hospital administrators, data collectors and study participants for devoting their valuable time to this project. In this study, 230 (60.9%) of participants were knowledgeable, while the remaining 148 (39.1%) were not. One-third of those surveyed mothers believed that malnutrition was caused by an inadequate supply of food. More than one-third (34%) of participants did not know about health risks when a pregnant woman’s diet lacks iron (Table 3). The extent of the influence of radio ownership on good dietary practices. The study participants in this study were informed about the study and verbal consent was obtained from all respondents prior to their participation.

Accessibility

In Ethiopia rabies is highly endemic, with an estimated 10,000 deaths annually 10. In Ethiopia, particularly in Tigray region, accurate quantitative information on animal and human rabies is limited 11. In addition, little is known about the awareness of the people regarding rabies, which makes the effective implementation of prevention and control measures challenging 12.

Accessibility Statement

A total of 286 pregnant women (38.1%) and 219 (29.2%) of their husbands had no formal education. Four hundred fifty-seven of the pregnant women’s husbands (60.9%) were farmers, while 618 of them (82.4%) were housewives or daily workers. About 24% of pregnant women, or 180 of them, had more than five family members, with a mean (±SD) family size of 4.5 (±1.6) individuals (Table 1). The odds of having good knowledge about optimal nutrition and health were higher among pregnant women who had more than five household members as compared to those who had less than or equal to three household members. This result was similar to the findings in the Manzini Region of Swaziland48 and Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.51 This might be due to sharing nutrition and health information within the family based on each family member’s preferences, or it might also result from the previous pregnancy experience. In this study, 40.5% of participants had an unfavourable attitude towards nutrition during pregnancy.

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The study was conducted in the Ambo district from April 1 to June 1, 2018. Ambo district is located in the West Shoa Zone, Oromia Regional State, and west-central Ethiopia. Ambo, one of 22 districts in the west Shoa Zone, is divided into 39 kebeles (Ethiopia’s smallest administrative divisions), 6 of which are urban and 33 of which are rural, and is situated at 8°59′ N and 37°51′ E. coinsmart review The district has a total population of 152,143, according to the Central Statistics Agency’s (CSA) 2007 national census report. Of this number, 75,668 are men, and the remaining 76,475 are women.38 Based on 2017 district health office data, it has 37,454 and 6976 reproductive age groups and pregnant women, respectively. There are 6 health posts, 8 health centers, and 2 public hospitals in the district (West Shoa Zone Health Bureau Report, personal communication, June, 2017).

  • The source population consisted of all pregnant women in their first trimester of pregnancy living in Ambo district, while the study population consisted of randomly selected pregnant women in their first trimester of pregnancy from the selected kebeles.
  • Of this number, 75,668 are men, and the remaining 76,475 are women.38 Based on 2017 district health office data, it has 37,454 and 6976 reproductive age groups and pregnant women, respectively.
  • Age, ethnicity, religion, occupation, marital status, level of education, husband’s education level and monthly income from sociodemographic features and obstetric characteristics including gravidity, parity, ANC visit and pregnancy spacing were treated as independent variables.

A 95% confidence level (CI) and a 5% margin of error were used as assumptions. We are extremely grateful to Jimma University for arranging transportation for the researchers and data collectors. The West Shoa zone and Ambo district staff, as well as the supervisor and data collectors who worked diligently during the study period, are also acknowledged by the authors for allowing the study to take place.

Pregnant women from rich households were more likely to have good knowledge of optimal nutrition and health than those from poor households. Contrary to this, pregnant women from middle- or upper-wealth families were less likely to have a favorable attitude than those from low-wealth families. For a possible explanation, we might need further studies, especially qualitative and other analytical research, which is recommended. Few studies on nutrition knowledge, attitudes and practice have been conducted in Ethiopia, particularly in the southern part of the country.

This study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitude, practice and determinant factors of nutrition during pregnancy. In addition, it could be due to sociodemographic variations among the study population. But the current finding is greater than studies conducted in northeast Malaysia (36.4%),29 Logos State (13.11%)30 and a similar study conducted in east Wollega where 35.6% of participants were not knowledge.15 This discrepancy could be attributed to sociodemographic variations among the two populations. Hence, behavior change communications should be delivered to enhance pregnant women’s knowledge and change their attitudes toward optimal nutrition and health. Further, the Authors recommend that those identified factors need to be further researched with a strong study design, like a follow-up and qualitative study, to show causation (knowledge accumulation, attitudinal change, and impact on health behaviors later).

Moreover, a laboratory test was done to confirm pregnancy, and then the last menstrual period was calculated to assure the woman was in her first trimester of pregnancy. This suggests that victims are aware of the presence of rabies in their area. Majority (88.9%) of the victims had heard about rabies from informal sources (family, friends and neighbors), which is similar with study conducted in Tanzania 13. This study revealed that, total mean score for practice, attitude and knowledge was 61.3, 56.2 and 56.1% respectively. Pregnant mothers in their first, second and third trimesters who attended the ANC unit were included in the study, but those who refused to participate and became severely ill during data collection were excluded. Rabies affects any mammal mainly carnivores and insectivorous bats but dogs are the principal source of infection for humans.

Factors associated with nutritional practice during pregnancy

Similarly, pregnant women who received nutrition and health counseling from health professionals had a significant association with optimal nutrition and health knowledge. This was supported by the study done in Eastern Ethiopia.61 The likely reason for this could be that since clients perceive health professionals as highly credible sources of information, their reinforcement is an important aspect of nutrition and health compliance. The sample size was calculated using single population proportion formula.

The study’s objective and relevance, information confidentiality, respondent rights, informed consent, and interviewing techniques were all covered in the training given to the data collectors. Every day, the investigator and four supervisors with BScs in nursing verified the completed questionnaires for consistency and completeness. This study differs from other studies since it was conducted during the first trimester of pregnancy, whereas most studies have not done so at this stage of pregnancy. This study also differs from the other studies in that it incorporates both nutritional and health aspects of pregnant women related to knowledge and attitude one at a time, rather than other studies that focus only on nutritional aspects. Therefore, assessing knowledge and attitude during the first trimester of pregnancy is crucial for advising nutrition and health-related behavior in the following phases of pregnancy, which primarily affect the pregnancy’s outcomes.

The authors would acknowledge Tigray regional health bureau, Mekelle Zone, Kedamay weyane and Ayder sub cities for allowing us to conduct this study. In addition, we would like to appreciate Gondar University for the support it provides us during our study and our deeply appreciation goes to the study participants for being willing to participate in this study. Respondents who score greater than or equal to the mean value for knowledge, attitude, and practice were grouped to have good knowledge, positive attitude and good practice respectively. Whereas, respondents who score less than the mean value for knowledge, attitude, and practice were grouped to have poor knowledge, negative attitude and poor practice respectively.